INFORMATION SYSTEM CONCEPTS
Component
There are five components of information system hardware, programs, data, procedures, and people. Here will be discussed only one of the five components of information systems that include hardware Computer hardware input, processing hardware, storage hardware, and output hardware.

1. input hardware
Input hardware used to transmit data to the processing and storage hardware. The most popular tools for entering data that is a combination of keyboard and screen. The monitor is considered as part of the hardware because the inputs used to check whether the data to be included have been typed. In addition to the above types of input hardware, there are also other hardware inputs namely mouse, scanner, voice recognition devices, hardwriting recognition devices, machine input data (eg, modem), light pen, and a bar code reader.
Mouse is used as point and click interface. Mouse movement results in a movement associated with the pointer on the screen. In general, the mouse is used in graphics-oriented applications, such as Microsoft Windows production.
Scanner is used to transform the graphic image or text into computer data. Transformation of text can save you from retyping work while the graphic image transformations are used to read the logo or graphic symbol for desktop publishing applications.
Voice recognition devices used to insert the human voice into a signal interpreter. Most voice systems used today have a small vocabulary and must be trained to recognize certain words. How, someone read a list of words commonly used to signal the interpreter can determine the pattern. For example workers call box that they bring. Voice input is needed because the worker's hand was busy and unable to type or manipulate the type of equipment other input device.
Handwriting recognition device used to enter data by writing on a sensitive electronic pad. These characters are identified and incorporated into the computer system, usually a system of PC (personal computer).
Modem is one type of data input devices to connect your computer with other computers through the telephone network. Other types of input hardware that is a light pen used to designate those items on the screen and bar code reader which is used in supermarkets to identify a particular type of goods.

2. processing hardware
Hardware processing equipment may include a duty to calculate, compare, and implement special instructions. In the CPU (Central Processing Unit) there is a control unit, ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), and system memory are sometimes called main memory. Control unit take instructions from system memory and translate. ALU executes an instruction which has been translated. System memory used to store data and program instructions instruction. To connect the CPU with other computer equipment used in the data bus or processor channels. Channel processor found on the motherboard, has expansion slots that serves to connect the additional devices such as floppy disks, plotters, printers, mouse, modem, multimedia, etc..
Computer capacity can be measured from the ALU processing speed and ability to manipulate data in 1 cycle. Processing speed can be expressed in cycles per second (usually in units of MHz), or in instructions per second, usually in units of Millions of instructions per second (MIPS). The amount of data that can dimanipilasi by the ALU in the 1st cycle is measured in bits (binary digits) and is usually used as a measure of the microprocessor, for example: Zilog Z-80 microprocessor is procerssor 8 bits. Now a more modern microprocessor can process 16, 32, or 64 bits of data, and even some who have broad capability bit larger.
There are two basic types of processor memory, the ROM (read only memory) which is non-volatile and RAM (random access memory), which are volatile (the contents of RAM are lost if power off).
Processing hardware can be grouped into three categories, namely computer mainframe, minicomputer, and microcomputer. But now this grouping is somewhat vague because there is often overlap between these groupings. For convenience we can see the table below.

 
Type Application Memory Speed
Size Number of Con-Current Users Mainframe Enterprise Informa-tion Systems 10 to 100 + MIPS Hundreds 32-500 MB Minicomputer Small Workgroup & Enterprise System 4 to 40 + MIPS Dozens 24-25 MB Personal Computing Microcomputer 0.5 - 20 + MIPS 0.5-100 + MB 1 dozen in LAN or

There are two kinds of emerging processor architectures are complex instruction set computers (CISCs) and reduced instruction set computers (RISCs). CISCs is a conventional type which contains a series CPU to execute a wide range of computer instructions, while RISCs is a type of CPU that uses only instructions that are often used so that it can process the instructions 10 times faster or more than CISCs processor. Several large vendors like IBM, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) is developing a computer that works using RISCs processor.
3. storage hardware
RAM used to store data or programs that are actively being processed. RAM can not be used as storage hardware due to limited capacity and RAM RAM is volatile, where the data will be lost if the system is shut down. Instead use an external magnetic media to store data and programs that are not actively processed. There are two types of magnetic storage disk and tape hardware.
Disk storage is widely used as a storage medium in the information systems industry. Disk storage consists of tracks and sectors which is a place to keep the magnetic data. Data is read and recorded by using the read / write heads. The following comparison of the capacity of the disk can be seen in the table below:


  Type Size Capacity 1.2 MB Diskette 5-1/4 inches 1.4 MB Diskette 3-1/2 inches Stacked Disk - 5-1/4 inches Microcomputer MB 100-1000 Stacked Disk - minicomputer and mainframe computer 0.1-100 + GB 10-15 inches

Tape storage is a form of magnetic tape storage. The advantage of relatively cheaper price, while the loss of data can only be accessed sequentially.
Other types of storage hardware is an optical storage hardware. The advantage is that optical disk has a high capacity, compact, and durable storage. While the loss: difficult to change the data, and more expensive.

There are three types of optical storage hardware, namely:
CD-ROM (compact disk - read only memory), popularly used in multimedia. Optical storage of data recorded by using a laser to burn a small groove on the surface of the metal master disc. Furthermore, like audio CDs, can only be read and can not be used to record again.
WORM (write-once/read-many) optical disk, a disk that can only be written once and then can only read and can not be used to record again. WORM devices are used to maintain a permanent record of all important data. For example processing of transactions on the financial network. Erasable optical disks, are readable and writable.
4. hardware output
Type of output that are widely used hardware that is printer. Printer classifiable in several ways, one of them character printers, line printers, and page printers. Character is generally low-priced printers, print per character, and slow. Line printers print a line, used to print a large number of standard forms such as invoices monthly. Page printers print a page, such as photo copy machine and usually use a laser to produce a printed character.
The next classification of printers and impact printers nonimpact. Impact printers hit the paper when printing so much noise, such as dot matrix printer ribbon hit the carbon to produce print on paper. While nonimpact printers using photoelectric system for printing characters, such as laser printers. Bit-mapped printer works on the basis of the addressing on each dot is formed of rows and columns of paper pages. Each dot on the page can be set on paper (printed) or off (not printed). Advantages: can print characters and images with a smooth, but its loss: the computer must send more instructions and data to the printer in order to cover the data and address of each dot.
Another output is a voice output devices, plotters and monitors. As discussed previously, the screen can also be classified as an input device. Plotter has a more complicated function that can be used to create charts, diagrams, maps, microfiche, and microfilm.

IN ORGANIZATIONAL structure plan
Participatory Approach Building a Participatory Approach Participation in Organizational Management

Formulation of Vision Many organizations are not designed to perform specific tasks. Later after walking for years, because the influence of various pressures that often lead to conflict-then gradually they began to redefine their tasks. Government departments and development agencies began to grow dramatically in the 70s and early 80s. If these institutions have a new responsibility, that responsibility is divided into specialized units, where the state and function of this institution depends on the ability of the leadership influence on decision makers when drafting the budget, rather than strategic decisions made within the department and the organization itself . But since the early 90s most of the government agencies under pressure to reduce costs and increase its effectiveness. So that a clear understanding of what they want to achieve becomes more urgent. Understanding this is what is often called a vision. This vision will guide them to find the most effective way to achieve this, the so-called mission. Then the strategies and activities needed to achieve the mission.
Participatory approach to strengthen the vision, mission and strategy of an organization. All members of the organization must know the vision and mission and agreed with the strategy to be adopted. This will color the routine work and increase their motivation and job satisfaction. The best way to ensure that the vision and mission to become the common property is to involve as many people as possible in the process of formulation.
The formulation of this vision and mission begins with a discussion with service users or other groups that receive benefits from this organization. Opportunities involve a lot of people can be obtained through formal and informal meetings and workshops and seminars. To seek and explore specific issues can be formed working groups. In addition study tours and exchange visits to other organizations doing similar work can menstimulas birth of useful ideas. Another important thing is meeting and discussion with other organizations working in the same area or partner organization. And to make sure everyone knows what is going on and able to contribute effectively so needed a good internal communication systems.
There are a variety of participatory tools and techniques that can be used in the formulation of mission workshops and seminars. The instrument is referred to the SWOT analysis (Strength, power, Weaknesses - weaknesses, Opportunities - Threats and opportunities - a challenge), Problem Tree Analysis (Problem Tree Analysis) and field analysis Force (Force Field Analysis).
`More in-depth explanation of the process of formulating a vision and how to utilize these tools can be read on the book Government Reform (PG 5).
Ironically, often the most difficult to change the pattern actually works, especially senior managers in public institutions. Delivery project formulation workshop held a series of strategic vision and planning for managers in the Directorate of Livestock to help them develop a vision and mission. This is inline with the advent of laws on regional autonomy in Indonesia,. Discussion on this subject presented in Box 5 - Formulation Workshop
Total Quality Management (TQM)
TQM is a management philosophy and set of principles that guide the emphasis on continuous improvement through participation. TQM seeks to involve all relevant stakeholders in an organization and its tasks, which include the organization of staff, customers, the people who feel the benefit of the organization, staff from other relevant organizations, and service providers. They are involved in a participatory process to monitor and improve processes within the organization continually, to ensure that the organization produces quality products or providing services with the most efficient manner.
Forerunner of TQM originated and evolved from the industrial sector. This fact shows that TQM is the most effective management approach to ensure that the company producing the right product with the right price, thus maximizing profitability. In addition, this concept has also been applied in the services sector-even the most recent news has now been used in the public sector. This proves that TQM is a mechanism which ensures that the services provided with effective and efficient manner.
One important step in TQM is to "form a quality team." This team will be focusing on certain aspects in the duties by the organization, possibly in the form of special services, such as livestock health services, or organizational units such financial units. This team should consist of representatives from all levels of staff in service units, and departments who have duties or employment in the service of a particular unit. Then by using simple analysis tools, the team can analyze the existing functions and processes in the task or service, identify performance indicators that easy to collect, and opportunities for improvement. The team then agreed on a series of activities to try to improve processes and create a monitoring system. Then at the next meeting they could review the progress that has been achieved, see what they have done, why can occur, and plan the necessary changes in their activities. This process can be applied in routine activities that will provide information and incentives for further development.
nformation more about Total Quality Management can be seen on Total Quality Management Policy Guidance (PG 6) and Total Quality Management Activity Guide (HM 1).
Box 6 - Animal Husbandry Department Bulukumba: from the "Component Project" to "Service Provider" is an example of how the TQM approach to improve the quality of artificial insemination services in Bulukumba.
More information: Summary Background What Is Participation? Participatory Principles Institutional Context Benefit Building a Participatory Approach Organizational Management Project Management Community Development Participatory Training Participatory M & E Institutional Barriers Resources
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IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

This paper describes the development of software applications that take advantage of an intranet computer network infrastructure for management needs, particularly in the payroll system which is a part of the subsystem Infromasi System Human Resources. By using the Three Tier architecture based on web technology and supported with tools that are Open Source (LINUX Operating System, Apache Web Server, PostgreSQL Database Server, PHP Programming Language Library and PdfLib Lite), the system can be accessed easily via a web browser by client computer. Besides aiming to increase the use of the existing intranet, the system is expected to help accelerate the work process in the calculation of the salary administration and manufacturing employees salary details, preparation of reports with a standard format, and the search for data related to salary issues.
1. Preliminary
Management Information System is built to support the processes running in the organization, which is included therein, among others: the process of planning, organizing and controlling. Management Information System to accurately be able to provide information about the real condition of the organization. One part of the Management Information System is important is Human Resources Information System (HRIS), because human resources are a valuable asset to the organization.
Human Resource Management is the pillar of the main functions of the organization in support of determining the pattern of an integrated strategy and policy. The decisions of the healthy human resources must be supported by information about human resources well. HRIS is a systematic procedure to collect, store, retrieve and validate the data by the organization on human resources, and personnel activities. [SIM97]
The general objective of this research is to build an online HRIS that can be applied to all work units LIPI computer network using the existing intranet. The entire system is built consists of several parts / subsystems, including: a module biodata administration officials, planning and staff development module, payroll module, the module employee attendance records and employee information service module. [MED03] HRIS Architecture Figure 1.1. HRIS architecture.
This paper specifically discusses the design and implementation of one of the subsystems of the HRIS above, the Payroll module.
2. Payroll System
Payroll system is an important function which is the responsibility of Human Resource Management. Salary is a change-financial return is received by the employee in exchange for their contribution to the organization. Payroll System is a process that determines the level of employee payroll, monitor or supervise, develop and control the civil servants' salaries [MIC95]. Payroll modules constructed in this study is based on rules Payroll System for Civil Servants (PNS) which is applicable in Indonesia, where the salary structure consists of several components: basic salary, benefits, family allowances consisting of spouse and child allowances, allowances for office functional or structural position, rice allowances, income tax (PPh), mandatory employee contributions IWP, other pieces (such as office rent, job cuts to learn abroad, and others) and rounding to a multiple of salary of a hundred. [BAD02]
The value of basic salary is determined by class rank space, length of employment and employment status. Family allowances are calculated based on basic salary, which is five percent for the benefits the spouse and two percent for each child allowances. IWP value amounted to ten percent of the sum of basic salary and allowances of the family. In addition to basic salary, salary components used in the calculation of Income Tax is a family allowances, benefits, job title, rice allowance, rounding and PTKP salary (tax free). Income tax calculations are as follows: Income tax = (income - (5% x income) - (4.75% X (base salary + family allowances)) - PTKP) X 10%, where the value of earnings from the above formula is the sum of basic salary, family allowances, benefits, job title, salary allowances of rice and rounding.
Besides salary information, the output of the Payroll module is a monthly payroll report that is used for the submission of employee salary to the Treasury (Treasury Office of State). This monthly report consisting of: a list of employee composition of PNS / CPNS and the number of families, tax lists each employee, list the names of employees who get the benefits of office, a detailed list of employee salaries per class follows a recapitulation of salaries per sheet reports, and the recapitulation of the overall salary per class. In addition to monthly reports to Treasury, Payroll module is made must also be able to make a detailed list of employee salaries per unit for internal purposes.
3. Supporting Tools
HRIS development is supported by the devices that are open source, which in the current era of information technology in the world is increasing its use programming and software development. Devices used in open source development of this system is LINUX Operating System, Apache Web Server, PostgreSQL Database Server, PHP Programming Language Library and PdfLib Lite. By using the Three Tier architecture which is supported by the devices mentioned above, these systems have advantages in terms of the effectiveness of database security system, overhead and the performance of resulting applications.
LINUX is an operating system compatible with UNIX that contain the kernel and a set of other application programs. This operating system has proven its stability and meet a number of existing quality criteria. Apache is a web server that shooting went on LINUX with good quality and ease of installation. PHP programming language used to create applications on top of tyang diljalankan web technologies. This whole application process is done on the web server and will provide results in web browser. PostgreSQL Database Server designed to meet the needs of database servers that are open source. In addition to offering standard features of the language SQL (Structured Query Laguage), database server provides extra features such as classes, inheritance, type and function, so the database is included in group ORDBMS (Object Relational Database Management System). Another important feature which is owned PostgreSQL include: constraints, triggers, rules and transaction integrity to facilitate the implementation process. PdfLib Lite is a library that contains a set of functions in PHP to create documents in a standard format PDF (Portable Document Format). PDF file format is cross platform, can be opened on different operating systems. PDF file format has been widely used in the Internet world as the standard print-ready document format with small file sizes.
4. Designing
Draft Database
The database is designed for Payroll module storing data such as: class rank space, employee biodata, list of basic salary, a person in charge of payroll, PTKP list, mandatory allowances, benefits, positions, mandatory cuts, special discounts for employees, and details of the salary component. The relation of these data can be seen from the relationship tables in the following figures:
Payroll Module Database structure Figure 4.1. Payroll Module Database structure.
Mandatory Benefits Table contains data related to family allowances and allowances of rice. Pieces of housing assistance and mandatory employee contributions, are stored in the table Compulsory Pieces. The amount of discount is determined by the type of housing assistance space. Special Discounts tables store data bits in which the salary data is different for each employee. Data in the table and Allowances Mandatory Mandatory Deduction applies equally to all employees, but for a special piece table, different data for each employee. Table Group and Staff Bios in the Payroll module serves as a reference table. Management of both tables is done in Module Administration Staff Bios. Salary Details table is a table derived result retrieval and calculation of data obtained from other tables. This table is designed to simplify the manufacture of standard output formats of this Payroll module.
Draft Software Applications
In designing the necessary application software design tools DFD (Data Flow Diagram). This device is used to describe software applications as networks of inter-related processes with each other. In this diagram shows how the flow of data from one process to another or to storage of data. DFD is made in stages, in which a process will be described in detail at a higher level DFD [KEN95]. The following figure is a level 1 DFD of Payroll Module:
Level 1 DFD Payroll Module Figure 4.2. Level 1 DFD Payroll module.
At each user login HRIS has a user type that determines access rights to the existing modules. To be able to run the Payroll module, the operator must first logging in with user id and password in accordance with the type of user to access this module. After going through the login validation process, the operators who have the right of access to this module can run the processes for manipulating, selecting, calculating data related to payroll issues, and create reports in PDF format that can be printed through a printer. The process consists of the process of manipulating data to add, edit / change data and delete data. Data stored in a database can be displayed on the monitor screen as a whole from a table (see operation data) or by selecting data based on certain keywords (search operation data). To obtain the output data or an employee salary details to make the output in the form of reports that can be printed, this module must perform the calculation of each salary component.
5. Implementation
Implementation phase begins by making a database in PostgreSQL to convert the database design into the data tables, adding the integrity constraints, making the necessary functions and create a view to merge a few tables. Software application created in PHP language to access databases that have been made before. The process of calculating payroll data is an important process in this module, here are the programs that do the calculation.
Salary Calculation Algorithm
Figure 5.1. Salary Calculation Algorithm
The main view of the Payroll module can be seen in Figure 5.2. This view appears on the screen after the operator has logged into the HRIS, which has the type of login as administrator of the payroll. The main menu of this module consists of operations: add data, view data, search data, make reports and logout. Changing and deleting data can be done after the operator performs the operation to see the data or search data, as shown in Figure 5.3.
Main Display Module Payroll Figure 5.2. Main Display Module Payroll.
View Result View Operation Data Figure 5.3. View Result View Operation Data.
Employee salary details of the data can be viewed via web pages or via PDF documents which can be opened via a web browser. Figure 5.4. view of data showing the details of salary, which was opened through a web page. Monthly reports to Treasury as a major output of this module, made in the form of PDF documents. This document can be printed in the paper size that can be adjusted. This report is composed of several pages with different kinds of data as described in Chapter 2. Figure 5.5 shows one page from the monthly reports.
View Details of Employee Salaries Figure 5.4. View Workers Salary Details
Monthly Treasury Report Figure 5.5. Monthly Treasury Report
6. Cover
Payroll module created is expected to support the activities of personnel administration, payroll issues in particular. Payroll administration previously done manually on a stand-alone computers, will be more easily managed with this module. Payroll data can be accessed on-line via a computer connected to the intranet without dependence on a particular platform. By tersimpannya data to a database server connected to the process of change and the search data will be easier and faster. Three Tier Architecture based on web technology used in this system provides ease of modification, maintenance or repair software applications.
This payroll module is not yet a sempuna system as a whole, so that needed improvements on an ongoing basis as needed. For further development, these systems need to be added to the functions that manage the components of compensation other than salary, such as salary, incentives or bonuses are valid in the internal environment units.
Bibliography
1. [KEN95] Kenneth E. Kendall, Julie E. Kendall, Systems Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition, 1995 2. [SIM97] Simamora Henry, Human Resource Management, Part Publisher STIE YKPN Keuda Edition, 1997 3. [MIC95] Michael Armstrong, Helen Murlis, Payroll System, PT. Reader Binaman Pressindo, 1995 4. [BAD02] State Personnel Board, GOI Implementing Provisions of the Civil Service Regulations (Decree of the Head of State Personnel), BP. Cipta Jaya, Jakarta, 2002. 5. [MED03] PT. Darma Medal Buana, LIPI Intranet Development. Data collection and analysis of Human Resource Information System, 2003


































Management Information System
Kamis, 26 Januari 06 - by: ardiani
The process of decision making in the field of education that is supported SIM Decision Making Process
According to Herbert A. There are 3 main stages: a. Investigations: Learning the environment for conditions that require a decision. Raw data obtained, processed, and examined for clues that could identify issues
b. The Design: Sign up, develop and analyze courses of action are possible. This includes the processes to understand, produce and test the feasibility of solving such a solution.
c. Selection: Selecting a particular course of action of all that exists. Options are determined and dilakdanakan.
According Rubeinstein and haberstroh steps in making decisions: - Introduction of the problem or need - Analysis and reporting alternatives - Selection of existing alternatives - Communication and implementing decisions - Step further and feedback to the resolution. Newman, Summer, and Warren detailing the decision-making steps: - Making a diagnosis - The discovery of alternatives penyelasaian - Analyzing and comparing alternatives - Selection of a plan drawn Elbing stating the decision making process within the organization include: - Identification and diagnosis problem - Collecting and analyzing relevant data - Development and evaluation of alternatives - Choosing the best alternative - Implementation of decisions and evaluation of results
• SIM DEFINITIONS a. According to Raymond McLeod, Jr. S istem Information Management (SIM) is defined as a computer-based system that provides information for multiple users with similar needs.


b. According to Gordon B. Davis SIM is an organizational information system that supports not only the operation but also support the management processes.